Table 2.
Maternal-effect genes found by genetic perturbation experiments with predominant developmental arrest at the zygote stage
Gene/aliasesKD/KODevelopmental roleReferences
Gas6/growth arrest specific 6 KD by RNAi Maternal cytoplasmic maturation, sperm chromatin decondensation, pronuclear formation Kim et al., 2011, 2018  
Hira/histone cell cycle regulation defective homolog A cKO using (Tg)Zp3-Cre and (Tg)Gdf9-Cre Transcription, replication, paternal nucleosome assembly Lin et al., 2014; Nashun et al., 2015  
Npm2/nucleoplasmin 2 KO Nuclear and nucleolar organization, chromatin remodeling Burns et al., 2003  
Scc1 (Rad21)/double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog cKO using (Tg)Zp3-Cre Mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, repair of Tet3-dependent paternal DNA lesions, higher-order chromatin structure Ladstätter and Tachibana-Konwalski, 2016; Gassler et al., 2017  
Zar1/zygote arrest 1 KO RNA processing, pronuclear fusion Wu et al., 2003; Hu et al., 2010  
Ago2/argonaute 2, RISC catalytic component cKO using (Tg)Zp3-Cre miRNA homeostasis, post-transcriptional gene silencing of maternal factors Kaneda et al., 2009; conflicting arrest after two-cell (Morita et al., 2007; Lykke-Andersen et al., 2008) 
Hsf1/heat shock factor 1 KO Transcription, redox-homeostasis Christians et al., 2000; Bierkamp et al., 2010  
Gene/aliasesKD/KODevelopmental roleReferences
Gas6/growth arrest specific 6 KD by RNAi Maternal cytoplasmic maturation, sperm chromatin decondensation, pronuclear formation Kim et al., 2011, 2018  
Hira/histone cell cycle regulation defective homolog A cKO using (Tg)Zp3-Cre and (Tg)Gdf9-Cre Transcription, replication, paternal nucleosome assembly Lin et al., 2014; Nashun et al., 2015  
Npm2/nucleoplasmin 2 KO Nuclear and nucleolar organization, chromatin remodeling Burns et al., 2003  
Scc1 (Rad21)/double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog cKO using (Tg)Zp3-Cre Mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, repair of Tet3-dependent paternal DNA lesions, higher-order chromatin structure Ladstätter and Tachibana-Konwalski, 2016; Gassler et al., 2017  
Zar1/zygote arrest 1 KO RNA processing, pronuclear fusion Wu et al., 2003; Hu et al., 2010  
Ago2/argonaute 2, RISC catalytic component cKO using (Tg)Zp3-Cre miRNA homeostasis, post-transcriptional gene silencing of maternal factors Kaneda et al., 2009; conflicting arrest after two-cell (Morita et al., 2007; Lykke-Andersen et al., 2008) 
Hsf1/heat shock factor 1 KO Transcription, redox-homeostasis Christians et al., 2000; Bierkamp et al., 2010  

cKO, conditional KO; KD, knockdown.

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