Table 4.
Glossary of effectors: Bacterial manipulation of the autophagy pathway
BacteriaEffectorHost targetTarget pathwaysOutcomeMode of actionReference
M. tuberculosis Eis JNK specific phosphatase (DUSP16/ MKP-7) MAPK (i.e., JNK); ROS generation; autophagy Inhibition of autophagy N-acetyltransferase Kim et al., 2012  
S. typhimurium SseL Ubiquitin Autophagy Degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates on the SCV DUB Mesquita et al., 2012  
S. flexneri IcsB None Autophagy Camouflaging of bacterial surface protein VirG Unknown Ogawa et al., 2005  
L. monocytogenes InIK MVP Autophagy Camouflaging of bacterial surface proteins Unknown Dortet et al., 2011  
L. monocytogenes ActA Arp2/3 complex; Ena/VASP proteins Autophagy Recruitment of host proteins for camouflaging; prevention of septin cage formation Unknown Yoshikawa et al., 2009; Mostowy et al., 2011  
L. monocytogenes PlcA, PlcB PI3P Autophagy Inhibition of LC3 lipidation Phospholipases Tattoli et al., 2013; Mitchell et al., 2015  
L. pneumophila LpSpI Sphingolipid production Autophagy Inhibition of LC3 lipidation Sphingosine-1 phosphate lyase Rolando et al., 2016  
L. pneumophila RavZ LC3 Autophagy Cleavage of lipidated LC3 Cysteine protease Choy et al., 2012; Horenkamp et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2017  
Group A Streptococcusa SpeB p62, NDP52, NBR1 Autophagy Degradation of adapter proteins required for autophagy induction Cysteine protease Barnett et al., 2013  
A. phagocytophilum Ats-1 BECN1 Autophagy Induction of autophagosome formation Unknown Niu et al., 2012; Niu and Rikihisa, 2013  
C. burnetii Cig2 LC3 Autophagy Enhanced fusion of autophagosomes with the CCV Unknown Newton et al., 2014  
C. burnetii CvpB PI3P; phosphatidyl-inositol 5-kinase PIKfyve Autophagy Enhanced association of the autophagy machinery to CCVs; homotypic fusion of CCVs Unknown Martinez et al., 2016  
BacteriaEffectorHost targetTarget pathwaysOutcomeMode of actionReference
M. tuberculosis Eis JNK specific phosphatase (DUSP16/ MKP-7) MAPK (i.e., JNK); ROS generation; autophagy Inhibition of autophagy N-acetyltransferase Kim et al., 2012  
S. typhimurium SseL Ubiquitin Autophagy Degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates on the SCV DUB Mesquita et al., 2012  
S. flexneri IcsB None Autophagy Camouflaging of bacterial surface protein VirG Unknown Ogawa et al., 2005  
L. monocytogenes InIK MVP Autophagy Camouflaging of bacterial surface proteins Unknown Dortet et al., 2011  
L. monocytogenes ActA Arp2/3 complex; Ena/VASP proteins Autophagy Recruitment of host proteins for camouflaging; prevention of septin cage formation Unknown Yoshikawa et al., 2009; Mostowy et al., 2011  
L. monocytogenes PlcA, PlcB PI3P Autophagy Inhibition of LC3 lipidation Phospholipases Tattoli et al., 2013; Mitchell et al., 2015  
L. pneumophila LpSpI Sphingolipid production Autophagy Inhibition of LC3 lipidation Sphingosine-1 phosphate lyase Rolando et al., 2016  
L. pneumophila RavZ LC3 Autophagy Cleavage of lipidated LC3 Cysteine protease Choy et al., 2012; Horenkamp et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2017  
Group A Streptococcusa SpeB p62, NDP52, NBR1 Autophagy Degradation of adapter proteins required for autophagy induction Cysteine protease Barnett et al., 2013  
A. phagocytophilum Ats-1 BECN1 Autophagy Induction of autophagosome formation Unknown Niu et al., 2012; Niu and Rikihisa, 2013  
C. burnetii Cig2 LC3 Autophagy Enhanced fusion of autophagosomes with the CCV Unknown Newton et al., 2014  
C. burnetii CvpB PI3P; phosphatidyl-inositol 5-kinase PIKfyve Autophagy Enhanced association of the autophagy machinery to CCVs; homotypic fusion of CCVs Unknown Martinez et al., 2016  
a

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