| Bacteria . | Effector . | Host target . | Target pathways . | Outcome . | Mode of action . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L. pneumophila | Lgt1, Lgt2, Lgt3 | eEF1A | Protein translation | Inhibition of protein translation; enhanced immune response | Glucosyltransferase | Belyi et al., 2006, 2008; Fontana et al., 2011, 2012 |
| C. difficilea | TcdA | Unknown | Unknown | Enhanced immune response | Glucosyltransferase | Cowardin et al., 2016 |
| P. aeruginosaa | ToxA | Unknown | Protein translation | Enhanced immune response | AB exotoxin | Dunbar et al., 2012; McEwan et al., 2012 |
| Y. pestisa | YopJ | MAP2Ks | MAPK | Inhibits MAPK and NF-κB signaling | Serine/threonine acetyltransferase | Orth et al., 1999 |
| IKK | NF-κB | Mukherjee et al., 2006 | ||||
| TAK1 (MAP3K) | NF-κB | Paquette et al., 2012 | ||||
| S. typhimurium | AvrA | MAP2Ks | MAPK | Inhibits apoptosis | Serine/threonine acetyltransferase | Jones et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2012 |
| L. monocytogenes | InlC | IKK | NF-κB | Reduces degradation of IκB | Binds IKK | Gouin et al., 2010 |
| S. flexneri | IpaH1.4 | LUBAC | NF-κB | Inhibits the activation of IKK | E3 ubiquitin ligase | de Jong et al., 2016 |
| S. flexneri | IpaH2.5 | LUBAC | NF-κB | Inhibits the activation of IKK | E3 ubiquitin ligase | de Jong et al., 2016 |
| S. flexneri | IpaH9.8 | IKK | NF-κB | Proteasomal degradation of IKK | E3 ubiquitin ligase | Ashida et al., 2010 |
| S. flexneri | OspG | E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme | NF-κB | Inhibits the degradation of IκB | Kinase | Kim et al., 2005; Zhou et al., 2013; Pruneda et al., 2014 |
| S. flexneri | OspI | Ubc13 (E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme) | NF-κB | Inactivates Ubc13 to prevent the activation of TRAF6 | Glutamine deamidase | Sanada et al., 2012 |
| S. enterica | SpvD | Xpo2 (nuclear exportin) | NF-κB | Reduces nuclear transport of NF-κB | Cysteine protease | Grabe et al., 2016; Rolhion et al., 2016 |
| Bacteria . | Effector . | Host target . | Target pathways . | Outcome . | Mode of action . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L. pneumophila | Lgt1, Lgt2, Lgt3 | eEF1A | Protein translation | Inhibition of protein translation; enhanced immune response | Glucosyltransferase | Belyi et al., 2006, 2008; Fontana et al., 2011, 2012 |
| C. difficilea | TcdA | Unknown | Unknown | Enhanced immune response | Glucosyltransferase | Cowardin et al., 2016 |
| P. aeruginosaa | ToxA | Unknown | Protein translation | Enhanced immune response | AB exotoxin | Dunbar et al., 2012; McEwan et al., 2012 |
| Y. pestisa | YopJ | MAP2Ks | MAPK | Inhibits MAPK and NF-κB signaling | Serine/threonine acetyltransferase | Orth et al., 1999 |
| IKK | NF-κB | Mukherjee et al., 2006 | ||||
| TAK1 (MAP3K) | NF-κB | Paquette et al., 2012 | ||||
| S. typhimurium | AvrA | MAP2Ks | MAPK | Inhibits apoptosis | Serine/threonine acetyltransferase | Jones et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2012 |
| L. monocytogenes | InlC | IKK | NF-κB | Reduces degradation of IκB | Binds IKK | Gouin et al., 2010 |
| S. flexneri | IpaH1.4 | LUBAC | NF-κB | Inhibits the activation of IKK | E3 ubiquitin ligase | de Jong et al., 2016 |
| S. flexneri | IpaH2.5 | LUBAC | NF-κB | Inhibits the activation of IKK | E3 ubiquitin ligase | de Jong et al., 2016 |
| S. flexneri | IpaH9.8 | IKK | NF-κB | Proteasomal degradation of IKK | E3 ubiquitin ligase | Ashida et al., 2010 |
| S. flexneri | OspG | E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme | NF-κB | Inhibits the degradation of IκB | Kinase | Kim et al., 2005; Zhou et al., 2013; Pruneda et al., 2014 |
| S. flexneri | OspI | Ubc13 (E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme) | NF-κB | Inactivates Ubc13 to prevent the activation of TRAF6 | Glutamine deamidase | Sanada et al., 2012 |
| S. enterica | SpvD | Xpo2 (nuclear exportin) | NF-κB | Reduces nuclear transport of NF-κB | Cysteine protease | Grabe et al., 2016; Rolhion et al., 2016 |
Extracellular pathogen.