Table 1.
Glossary of effectors: Bacterial modulation of innate immunity
BacteriaEffectorHost targetTarget pathwaysOutcomeMode of actionReference
L. pneumophila Lgt1, Lgt2, Lgt3 eEF1A Protein translation Inhibition of protein translation; enhanced immune response Glucosyltransferase Belyi et al., 2006, 2008; Fontana et al., 2011, 2012  
C. difficilea TcdA Unknown Unknown Enhanced immune response Glucosyltransferase Cowardin et al., 2016  
P. aeruginosaa ToxA Unknown Protein translation Enhanced immune response AB exotoxin Dunbar et al., 2012; McEwan et al., 2012  
Y. pestisa YopJ MAP2Ks MAPK  Inhibits MAPK and NF-κB signaling Serine/threonine acetyltransferase Orth et al., 1999  
  IKK NF-κB   Mukherjee et al., 2006  
  TAK1 (MAP3K) NF-κB   Paquette et al., 2012  
S. typhimurium AvrA MAP2Ks MAPK Inhibits apoptosis Serine/threonine acetyltransferase Jones et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2012  
L. monocytogenes InlC IKK NF-κB Reduces degradation of IκB Binds IKK Gouin et al., 2010  
S. flexneri IpaH1.4 LUBAC NF-κB Inhibits the activation of IKK E3 ubiquitin ligase de Jong et al., 2016  
S. flexneri IpaH2.5 LUBAC NF-κB Inhibits the activation of IKK E3 ubiquitin ligase de Jong et al., 2016  
S. flexneri IpaH9.8 IKK NF-κB Proteasomal degradation of IKK E3 ubiquitin ligase Ashida et al., 2010  
S. flexneri OspG E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme NF-κB Inhibits the degradation of IκB Kinase Kim et al., 2005; Zhou et al., 2013; Pruneda et al., 2014  
S. flexneri OspI Ubc13 (E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme) NF-κB Inactivates Ubc13 to prevent the activation of TRAF6 Glutamine deamidase Sanada et al., 2012  
S. enterica SpvD Xpo2 (nuclear exportin) NF-κB Reduces nuclear transport of NF-κB Cysteine protease Grabe et al., 2016; Rolhion et al., 2016  
a

Extracellular pathogen.

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