Table 1.
An overview of processes and proteins in membrane bending
ProcessProtein nameCurvatureMolecular mechanismFigureReferences
Appressorium Rvs167 Positive BAR domain, scaffolding 3 A Dagdas et al., 2012  
Appressorium Septins Positive Oligomerization, scaffolding 3 C Bezanilla et al., 2015; Bridges et al., 2016  
Caveolae Caveolin Positive Oligomerization, hairpin insertion 2 C Monier et al., 1995  
Caveolae Cavins Positive Oligomerization, clustering 2 C Hansen et al., 2009  
Caveolae EHD2 Positive Oligomerization, GTPase 3 C Daumke et al., 2007; Morén et al., 2012  
Caveolae PACSIN2 Positive BAR domain, scaffolding 3 A Senju et al., 2011  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated Actin Positive, negative Substrate for motor proteins, membrane pulling, polymerization pushing against the membrane, ATPase 3 G & H Collins et al., 2011; Lewellyn et al., 2015  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated Amphiphysin Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry, BAR domain scaffolding and oligomerization 2 E Peter et al., 2004; Isas et al., 2015  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated CALM Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 D Miller et al., 2015  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated CIP4 Positive F-BAR domain, oligomerization, scaffolding 3 A & C Frost et al., 2008  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated Clathrin Positive Scaffolding via oligomerization, crowding 3 C & E Fotin et al., 2004; Avinoam et al., 2015  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated Dynamin Positive Oligomerization, scaffolding, GTPase 3 C Chappie et al., 2011; Morlot et al., 2012  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated Epsin Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry, crowding 2 D, 3 E Ford et al., 2002; Stachowiak et al., 2012, 2013; Busch et al., 2015  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated FCHo1/2 Positive F-BAR domain, scaffolding 3 A Henne et al., 2007, 2010  
Endocytosis, Shiga toxin uptake Gb3 Negative Lipid receptor, clustering, crowding 2 C Römer et al., 2007  
Endocytosis, Shiga toxin uptake Shiga toxin Negative Clustering, crowding 2 C Römer et al., 2007  
Endosomal tubules Dynein Positive Microtubule motor, pulling of membrane compartments, ATPase 3 H Day et al., 2015  
Endosomal tubules Kinesin Positive Microtubule motor, pulling of membrane compartments, ATPase 3 H Roux et al., 2002; Delevoye et al., 2014  
Endosomal tubules SNX1 Positive BAR domain, scaffolding, oligomerization 3 A Carlton et al., 2004  
ER shaping Actin Positive Substrate for motor proteins, membrane pulling, ATPase 3 H Quader et al., 1989; Liebe and Menzel, 1995; Estrada et al., 2003; Sparkes et al., 2009  
ER shaping Atlastins Positive Hydrophobic domain insertion, clustering, GTPase 2 C Hu et al., 2009  
ER shaping DP1/YOP1 Positive Insertion of wedge-shaped membrane-binding domain 2 C Voeltz et al., 2006  
ER shaping Microtubules Positive Substrate for motor proteins, membrane pulling 3 H Waterman-Storer and Salmon, 1998  
ER shaping Myosin Positive Actin motor protein, ER tubule pulling, ATPase 3 H Estrada et al., 2003  
ER shaping RTNs Positive Insertion of hairpin membrane-binding domain 2 C Voeltz et al., 2006  
ER shaping Sey1 Positive Hydrophobic domain insertion, clustering 2 C Hu et al., 2009  
ER, anterograde trafficking COPII Positive Scaffolding via oligomerization 3 C Lee et al., 2005; Manneville et al., 2008  
ER, anterograde trafficking Sar1 Positive Amphipathic helix, dimerization, scaffolding 2 D & F; 3 C Lee et al., 2005; Beck et al., 2008; Krauss et al., 2008  
ER, anterograde trafficking Sec12/31 Positive Oligomerization, scaffolding, crowding 3 C & E Copic et al., 2012  
ER, anterograde trafficking Sec23/24 Positive Curved membrane-binding domain, scaffolding 3 A Bi et al., 2002  
Filopodia Actin Negative Polymerization within membrane compartment, membrane pushing 3 F Liu et al., 2008  
Filopodia Dopamine transporter Negative Shaped transmembrane domain 2 B Caltagarone et al., 2015  
Filopodia IRSp53 Negative I-BAR domain, scaffolding 3 B Mattila et al., 2007  
Filopodia MIM Negative I-BAR domain, scaffolding 3 B Mattila et al., 2007; Saarikangas et al., 2009, 2015  
Filopodia srGAP2 Negative F-BAR domain, scaffolding 3 B Guerrier et al., 2009  
Golgi, retrograde trafficking Arf1 Positive Amphipathic helix, dimerization, scaffolding via oligomerization 2 D & F; 3 C Lee et al., 2005; Beck et al., 2008; Krauss et al., 2008  
Golgi, retrograde trafficking ArfGAP1 Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 D Bigay et al., 2003; Antonny et al., 2005  
Golgi, retrograde trafficking COPI Positive Scaffolding via oligomerization 3 C Lee et al., 2005; Manneville et al., 2008  
Mitochondrial cristae F1Fo-ATPase Positive Dimerization, shaping via transmembrane domain 2 B & C Jiko et al., 2015  
Mitochondrial cristae Mic10 Positive Insertion of hairpin transmembrane domain, clustering 2 C Harner et al., 2011; Barbot et al., 2015  
MVBs ESCRT-III Negative Scaffolding, helical oligomerization 3 D Hanson et al., 2008; Henne et al., 2012; Cashikar et al., 2014; McCullough et al., 2015  
MVBs Lysobisphosphatidic acid Negative Lipid shape 2 A Matsuo et al., 2004  
Nuclear pore Nup53 Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 F Vollmer et al., 2012  
Nuclear pore Nup133 Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 F Doucet and Hetzer, 2010  
Nuclear pore Nup153 Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 F Mészáros et al., 2015; Vollmer et al., 2015  
Thylakoid shaping CURT1 Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 D Armbruster et al., 2013  
ProcessProtein nameCurvatureMolecular mechanismFigureReferences
Appressorium Rvs167 Positive BAR domain, scaffolding 3 A Dagdas et al., 2012  
Appressorium Septins Positive Oligomerization, scaffolding 3 C Bezanilla et al., 2015; Bridges et al., 2016  
Caveolae Caveolin Positive Oligomerization, hairpin insertion 2 C Monier et al., 1995  
Caveolae Cavins Positive Oligomerization, clustering 2 C Hansen et al., 2009  
Caveolae EHD2 Positive Oligomerization, GTPase 3 C Daumke et al., 2007; Morén et al., 2012  
Caveolae PACSIN2 Positive BAR domain, scaffolding 3 A Senju et al., 2011  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated Actin Positive, negative Substrate for motor proteins, membrane pulling, polymerization pushing against the membrane, ATPase 3 G & H Collins et al., 2011; Lewellyn et al., 2015  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated Amphiphysin Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry, BAR domain scaffolding and oligomerization 2 E Peter et al., 2004; Isas et al., 2015  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated CALM Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 D Miller et al., 2015  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated CIP4 Positive F-BAR domain, oligomerization, scaffolding 3 A & C Frost et al., 2008  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated Clathrin Positive Scaffolding via oligomerization, crowding 3 C & E Fotin et al., 2004; Avinoam et al., 2015  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated Dynamin Positive Oligomerization, scaffolding, GTPase 3 C Chappie et al., 2011; Morlot et al., 2012  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated Epsin Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry, crowding 2 D, 3 E Ford et al., 2002; Stachowiak et al., 2012, 2013; Busch et al., 2015  
Endocytosis, clathrin mediated FCHo1/2 Positive F-BAR domain, scaffolding 3 A Henne et al., 2007, 2010  
Endocytosis, Shiga toxin uptake Gb3 Negative Lipid receptor, clustering, crowding 2 C Römer et al., 2007  
Endocytosis, Shiga toxin uptake Shiga toxin Negative Clustering, crowding 2 C Römer et al., 2007  
Endosomal tubules Dynein Positive Microtubule motor, pulling of membrane compartments, ATPase 3 H Day et al., 2015  
Endosomal tubules Kinesin Positive Microtubule motor, pulling of membrane compartments, ATPase 3 H Roux et al., 2002; Delevoye et al., 2014  
Endosomal tubules SNX1 Positive BAR domain, scaffolding, oligomerization 3 A Carlton et al., 2004  
ER shaping Actin Positive Substrate for motor proteins, membrane pulling, ATPase 3 H Quader et al., 1989; Liebe and Menzel, 1995; Estrada et al., 2003; Sparkes et al., 2009  
ER shaping Atlastins Positive Hydrophobic domain insertion, clustering, GTPase 2 C Hu et al., 2009  
ER shaping DP1/YOP1 Positive Insertion of wedge-shaped membrane-binding domain 2 C Voeltz et al., 2006  
ER shaping Microtubules Positive Substrate for motor proteins, membrane pulling 3 H Waterman-Storer and Salmon, 1998  
ER shaping Myosin Positive Actin motor protein, ER tubule pulling, ATPase 3 H Estrada et al., 2003  
ER shaping RTNs Positive Insertion of hairpin membrane-binding domain 2 C Voeltz et al., 2006  
ER shaping Sey1 Positive Hydrophobic domain insertion, clustering 2 C Hu et al., 2009  
ER, anterograde trafficking COPII Positive Scaffolding via oligomerization 3 C Lee et al., 2005; Manneville et al., 2008  
ER, anterograde trafficking Sar1 Positive Amphipathic helix, dimerization, scaffolding 2 D & F; 3 C Lee et al., 2005; Beck et al., 2008; Krauss et al., 2008  
ER, anterograde trafficking Sec12/31 Positive Oligomerization, scaffolding, crowding 3 C & E Copic et al., 2012  
ER, anterograde trafficking Sec23/24 Positive Curved membrane-binding domain, scaffolding 3 A Bi et al., 2002  
Filopodia Actin Negative Polymerization within membrane compartment, membrane pushing 3 F Liu et al., 2008  
Filopodia Dopamine transporter Negative Shaped transmembrane domain 2 B Caltagarone et al., 2015  
Filopodia IRSp53 Negative I-BAR domain, scaffolding 3 B Mattila et al., 2007  
Filopodia MIM Negative I-BAR domain, scaffolding 3 B Mattila et al., 2007; Saarikangas et al., 2009, 2015  
Filopodia srGAP2 Negative F-BAR domain, scaffolding 3 B Guerrier et al., 2009  
Golgi, retrograde trafficking Arf1 Positive Amphipathic helix, dimerization, scaffolding via oligomerization 2 D & F; 3 C Lee et al., 2005; Beck et al., 2008; Krauss et al., 2008  
Golgi, retrograde trafficking ArfGAP1 Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 D Bigay et al., 2003; Antonny et al., 2005  
Golgi, retrograde trafficking COPI Positive Scaffolding via oligomerization 3 C Lee et al., 2005; Manneville et al., 2008  
Mitochondrial cristae F1Fo-ATPase Positive Dimerization, shaping via transmembrane domain 2 B & C Jiko et al., 2015  
Mitochondrial cristae Mic10 Positive Insertion of hairpin transmembrane domain, clustering 2 C Harner et al., 2011; Barbot et al., 2015  
MVBs ESCRT-III Negative Scaffolding, helical oligomerization 3 D Hanson et al., 2008; Henne et al., 2012; Cashikar et al., 2014; McCullough et al., 2015  
MVBs Lysobisphosphatidic acid Negative Lipid shape 2 A Matsuo et al., 2004  
Nuclear pore Nup53 Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 F Vollmer et al., 2012  
Nuclear pore Nup133 Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 F Doucet and Hetzer, 2010  
Nuclear pore Nup153 Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 F Mészáros et al., 2015; Vollmer et al., 2015  
Thylakoid shaping CURT1 Positive Amphipathic helix, bilayer asymmetry 2 D Armbruster et al., 2013  

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