Mitochondria, ER, MAM, and other localization of mTORC2
| Pathway | Mechanism of localization | Cell type | Technique | Reference |
| mTORC2 | mTORC2 (mTOR, rictor) is mainly at the ER | MDA-MB-435; A549 | Confocal imaging and subcellular fractionation; PFA fixation; endogenous mTOR and rictor | Boulbés et al., 2011 |
| mTORC1/2 | mTOR is associated with mitochondria | NIH3T3 | Confocal imaging, subcellular fractionation, and immuno-EM; PFA fixation; endogenous mTOR | Desai et al., 2002 |
| mTORC2 | mTORC2 (mTOR; Sin1; rictor) is at MAM | HeLa; MEF; mouse liver | Confocal imaging, subcellular fractionation, and immuno-EM; PFA fixation; endogenous mTOR, Sin1, and rictor; validation of antibody | Betz et al., 2013; Poston et al., 2013 |
| mTORC2 | A part of mTORC2 (mTOR; rictor; Sin1) is nuclear; rapamycin treatment induces translocation of mTORC2 to the cytoplasm | HEK293; IMR-90; NIH3T3 | Subcellular fractionation | Rosner et al., 2007; Rosner and Hengstschläger, 2008, 2011, 2012 |
| Yeast TORC2 | TORC2 (TOR2; Bit61; Avo1-3) is at or near the plasma membrane, possibly cortical ER | S. cerevisiae | Subcellular fractionation, immuno-EM, live-cell imaging, and wide-field and confocal imaging; PFA fixation; TOR2-GFP, Bit61-GFP, Avo1-3-GFP | Kunz et al., 2000; Wedaman et al., 2003; Aronova et al., 2007; Sturgill et al., 2008; Berchtold and Walther, 2009 |
| Pathway | Mechanism of localization | Cell type | Technique | Reference |
| mTORC2 | mTORC2 (mTOR, rictor) is mainly at the ER | MDA-MB-435; A549 | Confocal imaging and subcellular fractionation; PFA fixation; endogenous mTOR and rictor | |
| mTORC1/2 | mTOR is associated with mitochondria | NIH3T3 | Confocal imaging, subcellular fractionation, and immuno-EM; PFA fixation; endogenous mTOR | |
| mTORC2 | mTORC2 (mTOR; Sin1; rictor) is at MAM | HeLa; MEF; mouse liver | Confocal imaging, subcellular fractionation, and immuno-EM; PFA fixation; endogenous mTOR, Sin1, and rictor; validation of antibody | |
| mTORC2 | A part of mTORC2 (mTOR; rictor; Sin1) is nuclear; rapamycin treatment induces translocation of mTORC2 to the cytoplasm | HEK293; IMR-90; NIH3T3 | Subcellular fractionation | |
| Yeast TORC2 | TORC2 (TOR2; Bit61; Avo1-3) is at or near the plasma membrane, possibly cortical ER | Subcellular fractionation, immuno-EM, live-cell imaging, and wide-field and confocal imaging; PFA fixation; TOR2-GFP, Bit61-GFP, Avo1-3-GFP |
This table groups the most important reports that investigate TORC2 and mTORC2 localization. mTORC2 has consistently been identified in proximity to mitochondria, the ER, and MAM. Other studies suggest that mTORC2 is nuclear or at the plasma membrane. EM, electron microscopy; PFA, paraformaldehyde.
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