Localization of TORC1 to other organelles
| Pathway | Mechanism of localization | Cell type | Technique | Reference |
| mTORC1 | Rheb is at the ER and the Golgi | HEK293 | Confocal imaging; expression of EGFP-Rheb | Buerger et al., 2006 |
| mTORC1 | Rheb and the TSC complex are at the peroxisome | FAO; HepG2; MEF; HeLa | Confocal imaging and subcellular fractionation; quantification of colocalization; endogenous TSC1, TSC2, and Rheb | Zhang et al., 2013 |
| mTORC1 | The TSC complex is mainly cytoplasmic | COS; HeLa | Wide-field imaging and subcellular fractionation; PFA fixation; expression of TSC1 and TSC2 | van Slegtenhorst et al., 1998; Nellist et al., 1999 |
| mTORC1 | The TSC complex is cytoplasmic and nuclear; Akt stimulates TSC translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus | NIH3T3; HeLa; HEK293; Rat-1 | Subcellular fractionation | Rosner and Hengstschläger, 2007; Rosner et al., 2007, |
| mTORC1 | mTOR is at ER, Golgi, and in the nucleus; Rheb is cytoplasmic and nuclear; mTORC1 (mTOR, raptor) is in punctate structures upon amino acid starvation | HEK293; CHO; HeLa | Single photon FRET-FLIM on live cells; expression of mTOR-EGFP, Ds-Red-raptor, and Rheb-EGFP | Yadav et al., 2013 |
| mTORC1 | mTOR and raptor are highly abundant in the nucleus but mTORC1 integrity is higher in the cytoplasm | HEK293; NIH3T3; IMR-90; MRC-5; WI-38 | Subcellular fractionation | Rosner and Hengstschläger, 2008 |
| mTORC1 | mTORC1 (mTOR, raptor) is in the nucleus and the cytoplasm; mTORC1 phosphorylates NFACTc4 in the nucleus; mTOR binds to rDNA, rDNA, and tRNA genes in a rapamycin-sensitive manner; serum stimulates mTOR binding to hnRNPs | COS; HEK293; HeLa | Subcellular fractionation; ChIP | Yang et al., 2008; Goh et al., 2010; Kantidakis et al., 2010; Shor et al., 2010; Tsang et al., 2010 |
| mTORC1 | During hypoxia, PML inhibits mTORC1 (mTOR) by sequestering it in the nucleus away from cytoplasmic Rheb | MEF; HEK293 | Subcellular fractionation; confocal imaging; PFA fixation | Bernardi et al., 2006 |
| mTORC1/2 | mTOR shuttles from the cytoplasm to the nucleus | HEK293; CV-1 | Wide-field imaging and subcellular fractionation; PFA fixation; expression of mTOR-FLAG | Kim and Chen, 2000 |
| mTORC1/2 | mTOR is predominantly nuclear except in HEK293, where it is excluded from the nucleus | HEK293; Rh30; Rh41; IMR90; HCT8; HCT29; HCT116 | Confocal imaging and subcellular fractionation; PFA fixation; endogenous mTOR | Zhang et al., 2002 |
| mTORC1 | mTOR and raptor are associated with mitochondria; mTOR is associated with the mitochondrial channel VDAC | Jurkat; HEK293 | Subcellular fractionation | Schieke et al., 2006; Ramanathan and Schreiber, 2009 |
| Yeast TORC1 | TOR1 is mainly nuclear, and nutrient starvation or rapamycin treatment induce translocation to the cytoplasm | S. cerevisiae | Wide-field imaging and subcellular fractionation; endogenous TOR1 | Li et al., 2006 |
| Pathway | Mechanism of localization | Cell type | Technique | Reference |
| mTORC1 | Rheb is at the ER and the Golgi | HEK293 | Confocal imaging; expression of EGFP-Rheb | |
| mTORC1 | Rheb and the TSC complex are at the peroxisome | FAO; HepG2; MEF; HeLa | Confocal imaging and subcellular fractionation; quantification of colocalization; endogenous TSC1, TSC2, and Rheb | |
| mTORC1 | The TSC complex is mainly cytoplasmic | COS; HeLa | Wide-field imaging and subcellular fractionation; PFA fixation; expression of TSC1 and TSC2 | |
| mTORC1 | The TSC complex is cytoplasmic and nuclear; Akt stimulates TSC translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus | NIH3T3; HeLa; HEK293; Rat-1 | Subcellular fractionation | |
| mTORC1 | mTOR is at ER, Golgi, and in the nucleus; Rheb is cytoplasmic and nuclear; mTORC1 (mTOR, raptor) is in punctate structures upon amino acid starvation | HEK293; CHO; HeLa | Single photon FRET-FLIM on live cells; expression of mTOR-EGFP, Ds-Red-raptor, and Rheb-EGFP | |
| mTORC1 | mTOR and raptor are highly abundant in the nucleus but mTORC1 integrity is higher in the cytoplasm | HEK293; NIH3T3; IMR-90; MRC-5; WI-38 | Subcellular fractionation | |
| mTORC1 | mTORC1 (mTOR, raptor) is in the nucleus and the cytoplasm; mTORC1 phosphorylates NFACTc4 in the nucleus; mTOR binds to rDNA, rDNA, and tRNA genes in a rapamycin-sensitive manner; serum stimulates mTOR binding to hnRNPs | COS; HEK293; HeLa | Subcellular fractionation; ChIP | |
| mTORC1 | During hypoxia, PML inhibits mTORC1 (mTOR) by sequestering it in the nucleus away from cytoplasmic Rheb | MEF; HEK293 | Subcellular fractionation; confocal imaging; PFA fixation | |
| mTORC1/2 | mTOR shuttles from the cytoplasm to the nucleus | HEK293; CV-1 | Wide-field imaging and subcellular fractionation; PFA fixation; expression of mTOR-FLAG | |
| mTORC1/2 | mTOR is predominantly nuclear except in HEK293, where it is excluded from the nucleus | HEK293; Rh30; Rh41; IMR90; HCT8; HCT29; HCT116 | Confocal imaging and subcellular fractionation; PFA fixation; endogenous mTOR | |
| mTORC1 | mTOR and raptor are associated with mitochondria; mTOR is associated with the mitochondrial channel VDAC | Jurkat; HEK293 | Subcellular fractionation | |
| Yeast TORC1 | TOR1 is mainly nuclear, and nutrient starvation or rapamycin treatment induce translocation to the cytoplasm | Wide-field imaging and subcellular fractionation; endogenous TOR1 |
This table groups the most important reports that link TORC1 and mTORC1 to sites apart from the lysosome. By using comparable techniques to those that revealed lysosomal localization of mTORC1 (Table 1), distinct components of TORC1 have also been identified at other sites including the nucleus and mitochondria. ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; PFA, paraformaldehyde.
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