Table 1.

Lysosome localization of TORC1

Pathway Mechanism of localization Cell type Technique Reference 
mTORC1 Rheb localizes to the late endosome/lysosome MDCK; HeLa; 1321N1 Confocal live-cell imaging; expression of GFP-Rheb Saito et al., 2005  
mTORC1 The TSC complex is at the lysosome HeLa Wide-field imaging; PFA fixation; endogenous TSC2 Dibble et al., 2012  
mTORC1 Amino acids stimulate mTOR translocation from the cytoplasm to the lysosome in a Rag- and Ragulator-dependent manner; Rheb, Ragulator, and Rags are at the lysosome independently of amino acids HEK293T Confocal imaging; PFA fixation; endogenous mTOR, raptor, RagA/B, RagC; validation of antibody expression of GFP-Rheb, GFP-RagB/C/D, GFP-LAMTOR1, HA-raptor, myc-mTOR, FLAG-raptor, FLAG-LAMTOR4, FLAG-LAMTOR5 Sancak et al., 2008, 2010; Bar-Peled et al., 2012  
mTORC1 Glutaminolysis stimulates mTOR translocation from the cytoplasm to the lysosome U2OS Wide-field imaging; PFA fixation; endogenous mTOR Durán et al., 2012b  
Yeast TORC1 Tco89 (component of TORC1) is at the plasma membrane and the vacuole/lysosome S. cerevisiae Immuno-EM; PFA fixation; genomically tagged Tco89-Myc Reinke et al., 2004  
Yeast TORC1 TORC1 (Tco89; Kog1; Sch9; TOR1) is mainly at the vacuole/lysosome S. cerevisiae Live-cell, wide-field, and confocal imaging; genomically tagged Tco89-GFP, Kog1-GFP, Sch9-GFP, TOR1-GFP Huh et al., 2003; Urban et al., 2007; Sturgill et al., 2008  
Yeast TORC1 TORC1 (Tco89; Ego1; Sch9; TOR1) is mainly at the vacuole/lysosome, and this localization is independent of amino acid (Leu) availability S. cerevisiae Live-cell imaging; genomically tagged Tco89-GFP, Ego1-GFP, Sch9-GFP, TOR1-GFP Binda et al., 2009  

This table groups the most important reports that link TORC1 and mTORC1 to the lysosome. By using a range of different techniques, distinct components of TORC1 have consistently been identified at the lysosome in different cell types. PFA, paraformaldehyde; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex.

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