Selected examples of bacterial pathogens and host cell death
| Bacteria | Factor | Function | Mechanism | Host target | Reference |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | CPAF | Inhibition of apoptosis | Degradation of proapoptotic proteins | BH3-only proteins | Pirbhai et al., 2006 |
| Unknown | Inhibition of apoptosis | Leads to mislocalizaton and prevents proapoptotic activity | Bad | Verbeke et al., 2006 | |
| EPEC | NleH | Inhibition of apoptosis | Inhibits caspase-3 activation | BI-1 | Hemrajani et al., 2010 |
| NleD | Inhibition of apoptosis | Cleaves JNK via metalloprotease activity and inhibits JNK signaling | JNK | Baruch et al., 2011 | |
| Helicobacter pylori | CagA | Inhibition of apoptosis | Up-regulation of anti-proapoptotic protein, Mcl-1 | MCL-1 | Mimuro et al., 2007 |
| Unknown | Inhibition of apoptosis | Activates EGFR–Akt–Bcl2 antiapoptotic pathway | EGFR | Yan et al., 2009 | |
| Legionella pneumophila | SdhA | Inhibition of cell death | Inhibits mitochondrial disruption and caspase activation | Unknown | Laguna et al., 2006 |
| SidF | Inhibition of apoptosis | Inhibits apoptosis signaling | BNIP3, Bcl-rambo | Banga et al., 2007 | |
| LegK1 | Inhibition of cell death? | Promotes host pro-survival signal via NF-κB activation | IκBα, p100 | Ge et al., 2009 | |
| LnaB | Inhibition of cell death? | Promotes host pro-survival signal via NF-κB activation | Unknown | Losick et al., 2010 | |
| Flagellin | Induction of pyroptosis | Induces the NAIP5–NLRC4–inflammasome–caspase-1 activation | NLRC4, NAIP5 | Amer et al., 2006; Ren et al., 2006; Kofoed and Vance, 2011; Zhao et al., 2011 | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Unknown | Inhibition of apoptosis | Up-regulation of anti-proapoptotic proteins, Mcl-1 and A1 | MCL-1, A1 | Sly et al., 2003; Loeuillet et al., 2006; Dhiman et al., 2008 |
| Zmp1 | Inhibition of inflammasome activation | Inhibits caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion | Unknown | Master et al., 2008 | |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Flagellin, PrgJ | Induction of pyroptosis | Induces the NAIP–NLRC4–inflammasome–caspase-1 activation | NLRC4, NAIP2, NAIP5 | Franchi et al., 2006; Miao et al., 2006, 2010a; Kofoed and Vance, 2011; Zhao et al., 2011 |
| AvrA | Inhibition of apoptosis | Modifies acetyltransferase activity toward MAPKK and inhibits JNK activation | MAPKKs | Jones et al., 2008 | |
| SopB | Inhibition of apoptosis | Induction of host pro-survival activity | PI3K/Akt | Knodler et al., 2005; Kum et al., 2011 | |
| Shigella flexneri | Unknown | Induction of necrotic cell death | Induces mitochondrial dysfunction | BNIP3, CypD | Carneiro et al., 2009 |
| Unknown | Inhibit mitochondrial dysfunction | Activates Nod1–RIP2–NF-κB pro-survival signaling | Bcl2 | Carneiro et al., 2009 | |
| MxiI | Induction of pyroptosis | Induces the NLRC4–inflammasome–caspase-1 activation | NLRC4 | Suzuki et al., 2007; Miao et al., 2010a | |
| Yersinia | YopJ | Induction of apoptosis | Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling via acetyltransferase activity results in induction of apoptosis | MAPKKs, IKKβ | Monack et al., 1997, Orth et al., 1999; Mukherjee et al., 2006 |
| YopK | Inhibition of pyroptosis | Prevents inflammasome recognition by interacting with T3SS translocon | T3SS translocon (bacterial target) | Brodsky et al., 2010; Dewoody et al., 2011 |
| Bacteria | Factor | Function | Mechanism | Host target | Reference |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | CPAF | Inhibition of apoptosis | Degradation of proapoptotic proteins | BH3-only proteins | Pirbhai et al., 2006 |
| Unknown | Inhibition of apoptosis | Leads to mislocalizaton and prevents proapoptotic activity | Bad | Verbeke et al., 2006 | |
| EPEC | NleH | Inhibition of apoptosis | Inhibits caspase-3 activation | BI-1 | Hemrajani et al., 2010 |
| NleD | Inhibition of apoptosis | Cleaves JNK via metalloprotease activity and inhibits JNK signaling | JNK | Baruch et al., 2011 | |
| Helicobacter pylori | CagA | Inhibition of apoptosis | Up-regulation of anti-proapoptotic protein, Mcl-1 | MCL-1 | Mimuro et al., 2007 |
| Unknown | Inhibition of apoptosis | Activates EGFR–Akt–Bcl2 antiapoptotic pathway | EGFR | Yan et al., 2009 | |
| Legionella pneumophila | SdhA | Inhibition of cell death | Inhibits mitochondrial disruption and caspase activation | Unknown | Laguna et al., 2006 |
| SidF | Inhibition of apoptosis | Inhibits apoptosis signaling | BNIP3, Bcl-rambo | Banga et al., 2007 | |
| LegK1 | Inhibition of cell death? | Promotes host pro-survival signal via NF-κB activation | IκBα, p100 | Ge et al., 2009 | |
| LnaB | Inhibition of cell death? | Promotes host pro-survival signal via NF-κB activation | Unknown | Losick et al., 2010 | |
| Flagellin | Induction of pyroptosis | Induces the NAIP5–NLRC4–inflammasome–caspase-1 activation | NLRC4, NAIP5 | Amer et al., 2006; Ren et al., 2006; Kofoed and Vance, 2011; Zhao et al., 2011 | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Unknown | Inhibition of apoptosis | Up-regulation of anti-proapoptotic proteins, Mcl-1 and A1 | MCL-1, A1 | Sly et al., 2003; Loeuillet et al., 2006; Dhiman et al., 2008 |
| Zmp1 | Inhibition of inflammasome activation | Inhibits caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion | Unknown | Master et al., 2008 | |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | Flagellin, PrgJ | Induction of pyroptosis | Induces the NAIP–NLRC4–inflammasome–caspase-1 activation | NLRC4, NAIP2, NAIP5 | Franchi et al., 2006; Miao et al., 2006, 2010a; Kofoed and Vance, 2011; Zhao et al., 2011 |
| AvrA | Inhibition of apoptosis | Modifies acetyltransferase activity toward MAPKK and inhibits JNK activation | MAPKKs | Jones et al., 2008 | |
| SopB | Inhibition of apoptosis | Induction of host pro-survival activity | PI3K/Akt | Knodler et al., 2005; Kum et al., 2011 | |
| Shigella flexneri | Unknown | Induction of necrotic cell death | Induces mitochondrial dysfunction | BNIP3, CypD | Carneiro et al., 2009 |
| Unknown | Inhibit mitochondrial dysfunction | Activates Nod1–RIP2–NF-κB pro-survival signaling | Bcl2 | Carneiro et al., 2009 | |
| MxiI | Induction of pyroptosis | Induces the NLRC4–inflammasome–caspase-1 activation | NLRC4 | Suzuki et al., 2007; Miao et al., 2010a | |
| Yersinia | YopJ | Induction of apoptosis | Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling via acetyltransferase activity results in induction of apoptosis | MAPKKs, IKKβ | Monack et al., 1997, Orth et al., 1999; Mukherjee et al., 2006 |
| YopK | Inhibition of pyroptosis | Prevents inflammasome recognition by interacting with T3SS translocon | T3SS translocon (bacterial target) | Brodsky et al., 2010; Dewoody et al., 2011 |