STING trafficking cofactors
| Step . | Cofactor . | STING function . | Protein family . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| STING on the ER | STIM1 | ER retention | Calcium regulator | Srikanth et al., 2019 |
| COPA | Retrograde trafficking | COPI vesicle | Mukai et al., 2021 | |
| SURF4 | Retrograde trafficking | COPI vesicle | Mukai et al., 2021 | |
| TOLLIP | Lysosomal degradation | − | Pokatayev et al., 2020 | |
| TRIM30α | Proteasome degradation | E3 Ligase | Wang et al., 2015 | |
| PTPN1/2 | Proteasome degradation | Ubiquitination | Xia et al., 2019 | |
| Translocation from ER to Golgi | STEEP | ER exit | Zhang et al., 2020 | |
| SAR1 | ER exit | COPII vesicle | Gui et al., 2019; Ran et al., 2019 | |
| SEC13 | ER exit | COPII vesicle | Ran et al., 2019 | |
| SEC23 | ER exit | COPII vesicle | Ran et al., 2019 | |
| SEC24C | ER exit | COPII vesicle | Gui et al., 2019 | |
| SEC31 | ER exit | COPII vesicle | Ran et al., 2019 | |
| YIPF5 | ER exit | Yip1 domain | Ran et al., 2019 | |
| TRAPβ | ER exit | Translocon | Ishikawa and Barber, 2008; Luo et al., 2016 | |
| IRHOM2 | ER exit | Translocon | Luo et al., 2016 | |
| ATG9A | ER exit | Autophagosome | Saitoh et al., 2009 | |
| SCAP | IRF3 interaction | Lipid trafficking | Chu et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2016 | |
| Post-Golgi trafficking and degradation by the lysosome | AP-1 | Golgi exit | Adaptor complex | Liu et al., 2022b |
| GCC2 | Golgi exit | Golgin | Tu et al., 2022 | |
| RAB14 | Golgi exit | RAB GTPase | Tu et al., 2022 | |
| UBE2N | Lysosomal degradation | Ubiquitination | Gentili et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| HGS | Lysosomal degradation | ESCRT | Gentili et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| VPS37A | Lysosomal degradation | ESCRT | Gentili et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| UBAP1 | Lysosomal degradation | ESCRT | Gentili et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| TSG101 | Lysosomal degradation | ESCRT | Kuchitsu et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| VPS4 | Lysosomal degradation | ESCRT | Kuchitsu et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| NPC1 | Lysosomal degradation | Lipid trafficking | Chu et al., 2021 | |
| C9ORF72 | Lysosomal degradation | RAB GTPase regulator | McCauley et al., 2020 | |
| UNC93B1 | Lysosomal degradation | − | Zhu et al., 2022; He et al., 2021 |
| Step . | Cofactor . | STING function . | Protein family . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| STING on the ER | STIM1 | ER retention | Calcium regulator | Srikanth et al., 2019 |
| COPA | Retrograde trafficking | COPI vesicle | Mukai et al., 2021 | |
| SURF4 | Retrograde trafficking | COPI vesicle | Mukai et al., 2021 | |
| TOLLIP | Lysosomal degradation | − | Pokatayev et al., 2020 | |
| TRIM30α | Proteasome degradation | E3 Ligase | Wang et al., 2015 | |
| PTPN1/2 | Proteasome degradation | Ubiquitination | Xia et al., 2019 | |
| Translocation from ER to Golgi | STEEP | ER exit | Zhang et al., 2020 | |
| SAR1 | ER exit | COPII vesicle | Gui et al., 2019; Ran et al., 2019 | |
| SEC13 | ER exit | COPII vesicle | Ran et al., 2019 | |
| SEC23 | ER exit | COPII vesicle | Ran et al., 2019 | |
| SEC24C | ER exit | COPII vesicle | Gui et al., 2019 | |
| SEC31 | ER exit | COPII vesicle | Ran et al., 2019 | |
| YIPF5 | ER exit | Yip1 domain | Ran et al., 2019 | |
| TRAPβ | ER exit | Translocon | Ishikawa and Barber, 2008; Luo et al., 2016 | |
| IRHOM2 | ER exit | Translocon | Luo et al., 2016 | |
| ATG9A | ER exit | Autophagosome | Saitoh et al., 2009 | |
| SCAP | IRF3 interaction | Lipid trafficking | Chu et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2016 | |
| Post-Golgi trafficking and degradation by the lysosome | AP-1 | Golgi exit | Adaptor complex | Liu et al., 2022b |
| GCC2 | Golgi exit | Golgin | Tu et al., 2022 | |
| RAB14 | Golgi exit | RAB GTPase | Tu et al., 2022 | |
| UBE2N | Lysosomal degradation | Ubiquitination | Gentili et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| HGS | Lysosomal degradation | ESCRT | Gentili et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| VPS37A | Lysosomal degradation | ESCRT | Gentili et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| UBAP1 | Lysosomal degradation | ESCRT | Gentili et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| TSG101 | Lysosomal degradation | ESCRT | Kuchitsu et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| VPS4 | Lysosomal degradation | ESCRT | Kuchitsu et al., 2022 Preprint | |
| NPC1 | Lysosomal degradation | Lipid trafficking | Chu et al., 2021 | |
| C9ORF72 | Lysosomal degradation | RAB GTPase regulator | McCauley et al., 2020 | |
| UNC93B1 | Lysosomal degradation | − | Zhu et al., 2022; He et al., 2021 |
This is not a comprehensive list. Only cofactors discussed in this review are shown.