Experimental systems initiating PM blebbing and their key regulators
| Nonapoptotic bleb formation
caused by . | Proposed
function . | Rho/ROCK . | Myosin . | Formin . | Src . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protease inhibition in 3D collagen converts spindle-shaped HAT1080 and MDA-MB231 cells into spherical cell shape by remodeling of contractile actin cortex | Tumor cell invasion | Wolf et al., 2003 | ||||
| A375 cells in 3D matrigel leads to cell rounding and remodeling of contractile actin cortex | Tumor cell invasion | + | Sahai and Marshall, 2003 | |||
| p53−/− MEFs and A375 cells have elevated RhoA activity leading to cell rounding | Cell invasion | + | Gadea et al., 2007 | |||
| MDA-MB-435 cells in 3D matrigel leads to cell rounding and remodeling of the contractile actin cortex | Tumor cell invasion | + | + | hDia1 | − | Kitzing et al., 2007 |
| SH4 domain overexpression causes spontaneous disruption of actin cortex | Cell invasion | + | + | + | Tournaviti et al., 2007 | |
| Filamin A deficiency in M2 cells leads to spontaneous disruption of actin cortex | ND | + | + | Cunningham et al., 1992; Charras et al., 2005 | ||
| Talin deficiency in megakaryocytes | ND | Wang et al., 2008 | ||||
| Overexpression of RhoA Q63L in epithelial cells | Cell dissemination | + | Vasiliev et al., 2004 | |||
| Overexpression of active DIP | ND | + | mDia2 | Eisenmann et al., 2007 | ||
| Rac1 deficiency in mouse fibroblasts | Cell proliferation and morphology | Vidali et al., 2006 | ||||
| Overexpression of FilGAP causes Rac inhibition and suppresses integrin-mediated cell spreading | Cell polarity | + | Ohta et al., 2006 | |||
| RacL61A37 overexpression | ND | Schwartz et al., 1998 | ||||
| Overexpression of PM-anchored MARCKS | Reduced adhesion | Myat et al., 1997 | ||||
| Disruption of membrane–cytoskeleton interaction by reduced PM PIP2 levels as a result of experimental depletion or PIP5Kγ deficiency | ND | Raucher et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2008 | ||||
| Migration of primordial germ cells toward SDF1α in zebrafish | Chemotaxis | + | + | Blaser et al., 2006 | ||
| Cell migration of Dictyostelium toward cAMP | Chemotaxis | + | Langridge and Kay, 2006; Yoshida and Soldati, 2006 | |||
| Exposure of neuroblastoma cells to lysophosphatidic acid | ND | + | Hagmann et al., 1999 | |||
| Cholecystokinin stimulation of pancreatic acini | ND | + | + | Singh and McNiven, 2008 | ||
| Extracellular ATP via P2X7 surface receptors in various cell types | ND | + | + | MacKenzie et al., 2001; Verhoef et al., 2003; Panupinthu et al., 2007 | ||
| Vaccinia virus presenting phosphatidylserine as pseudoapoptotic signal | Vaccinia virus entry | − (Rac) | + | Mercer and Helenius, 2008 | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa contact with epithelial cells | Pathogen motility | Angus et al., 2008 |
| Nonapoptotic bleb formation
caused by . | Proposed
function . | Rho/ROCK . | Myosin . | Formin . | Src . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protease inhibition in 3D collagen converts spindle-shaped HAT1080 and MDA-MB231 cells into spherical cell shape by remodeling of contractile actin cortex | Tumor cell invasion | Wolf et al., 2003 | ||||
| A375 cells in 3D matrigel leads to cell rounding and remodeling of contractile actin cortex | Tumor cell invasion | + | Sahai and Marshall, 2003 | |||
| p53−/− MEFs and A375 cells have elevated RhoA activity leading to cell rounding | Cell invasion | + | Gadea et al., 2007 | |||
| MDA-MB-435 cells in 3D matrigel leads to cell rounding and remodeling of the contractile actin cortex | Tumor cell invasion | + | + | hDia1 | − | Kitzing et al., 2007 |
| SH4 domain overexpression causes spontaneous disruption of actin cortex | Cell invasion | + | + | + | Tournaviti et al., 2007 | |
| Filamin A deficiency in M2 cells leads to spontaneous disruption of actin cortex | ND | + | + | Cunningham et al., 1992; Charras et al., 2005 | ||
| Talin deficiency in megakaryocytes | ND | Wang et al., 2008 | ||||
| Overexpression of RhoA Q63L in epithelial cells | Cell dissemination | + | Vasiliev et al., 2004 | |||
| Overexpression of active DIP | ND | + | mDia2 | Eisenmann et al., 2007 | ||
| Rac1 deficiency in mouse fibroblasts | Cell proliferation and morphology | Vidali et al., 2006 | ||||
| Overexpression of FilGAP causes Rac inhibition and suppresses integrin-mediated cell spreading | Cell polarity | + | Ohta et al., 2006 | |||
| RacL61A37 overexpression | ND | Schwartz et al., 1998 | ||||
| Overexpression of PM-anchored MARCKS | Reduced adhesion | Myat et al., 1997 | ||||
| Disruption of membrane–cytoskeleton interaction by reduced PM PIP2 levels as a result of experimental depletion or PIP5Kγ deficiency | ND | Raucher et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2008 | ||||
| Migration of primordial germ cells toward SDF1α in zebrafish | Chemotaxis | + | + | Blaser et al., 2006 | ||
| Cell migration of Dictyostelium toward cAMP | Chemotaxis | + | Langridge and Kay, 2006; Yoshida and Soldati, 2006 | |||
| Exposure of neuroblastoma cells to lysophosphatidic acid | ND | + | Hagmann et al., 1999 | |||
| Cholecystokinin stimulation of pancreatic acini | ND | + | + | Singh and McNiven, 2008 | ||
| Extracellular ATP via P2X7 surface receptors in various cell types | ND | + | + | MacKenzie et al., 2001; Verhoef et al., 2003; Panupinthu et al., 2007 | ||
| Vaccinia virus presenting phosphatidylserine as pseudoapoptotic signal | Vaccinia virus entry | − (Rac) | + | Mercer and Helenius, 2008 | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa contact with epithelial cells | Pathogen motility | Angus et al., 2008 |