We have previously observed that HIV-1 replication is suppressed in uninflamed lung and increased during tuberculosis. In vitro THP-1 cell–derived macrophages inhibited HIV-1 replication after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Suppression of HIV-1 replication was associated with inhibition of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and induction of ISGF-3, a type I interferon (IFN)–specific transcription factor. Repression of the HIV-1 LTR required intact CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) sites. THP-1 cell–derived macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis, lipopolysaccharide, or IFN-β induced the 16-kD inhibitory C/EBPβ isoform and coincidentally repressed HIV-1 LTR transcription. C/EBPβ was the predominant C/EBP family member produced in THP-1 macrophages during HIV-1 LTR repression. In vivo, alveolar macrophages from uninflamed lung strongly expressed inhibitory 16-kD C/EBPβ, but pulmonary tuberculosis abolished inhibitory C/EBPβ expression and induced a novel C/EBP DNA binding protein. Therefore, in vitro, proinflammatory stimulation produces an IFN response inhibiting viral replication by induction of a C/EBPβ transcriptional repressor. THP-1 cell–derived macrophages stimulated with type I IFN are similar to alveolar macrophages in the uninflamed lung in vivo. In contrast, the cellular immune response in active pulmonary tuberculosis disrupts this innate immunity, switching C/EBP expression and allowing high level viral replication.
Type I Interferon Induces Inhibitory 16-kD CCAAT/ Enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP)β, Repressing the HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat in Macrophages: Pulmonary Tuberculosis Alters C/EBP Expression, Enhancing HIV-1 Replication
Address correspondence to Michael Weiden, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Bellevue Chest Service, NYU Medical Center, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016. Phone: 212-263-7889; Fax: 212-263-8501; E-mail: [email protected]
Y. Honda's current address is Department of Medicine, Sendai Kosei Hospital, Sendai 980, Japan.
Yoshihiro Honda, Linda Rogers, Koh Nakata, Ben-Yang Zhao, Richard Pine, Yushi Nakai, Katsushi Kurosu, William N. Rom, Michael Weiden; Type I Interferon Induces Inhibitory 16-kD CCAAT/ Enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP)β, Repressing the HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat in Macrophages: Pulmonary Tuberculosis Alters C/EBP Expression, Enhancing HIV-1 Replication . J Exp Med 5 October 1998; 188 (7): 1255–1265. doi: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.188.7.1255
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