Activation of lysosomal Ca²⁺ channels mitigates mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress

Elevated levels of plasma-free fatty acids and oxidative stress have been identified as putative primary pathogenic factors in endothelial dysfunction etiology, though their roles are unclear. In human endothelial cells, we found that saturated fatty acids (SFAs)—including the plasma-predominant palmitic acid (PA)—cause mitochondrial fragmentation and elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. TRPML1 is a lysosomal ROS-sensitive Ca²⁺ channel that regulates lysosomal trafficking and biogenesis. Small-molecule agonists of TRPML1 prevented PA-induced mitochondrial damage and ROS elevation through activation of transcriptional factor EB (TFEB), which boosts lysosome biogenesis and mitophagy. Whereas genetically silencing TRPML1 abolished the protective effects of TRPML1 agonism, TRPML1 overexpression conferred a full resistance to PA-induced oxidative damage. Pharmacologically activating the TRPML1–TFEB pathway was sufficient to restore mitochondrial and redox homeostasis in SFA-damaged endothelial cells. The present results suggest that lysosome activation represents a viable strategy for alleviating oxidative damage, a common pathogenic mechanism of metabolic and age-related diseases.